NAME
epcf90 - Edinburgh Portable Compilers' Fortran
90 compiler
SYNOPSIS
epcf90 [-1] [-132] [-72]
[-arch={generic|native|mips1|mips2|R3000|R4000}]
[-auto] [-bd,progname]
[-c] [-cerrs] [-cl,file]
[-cm] [-C] [-C90]
[-CA] [-CB] [-CP] [-CS] [-CU]
[-CV] [-d[n]]
[-dalign] [-dryrun] [-Dname[=def]]
[-DD] [-DX]
[-DY] [-e] [-E] [-fast] [-F] [-F77]
[-FI] [-FR]
[-g] [-G[{1|2}]] [-help] [-i2] [-I2]
[-i4] [-I4]
[-ic] [-Idir] [-K pic] [-K PIC]
[-mips2] [-native]
[-nbs] [-nodalign] [-nus[,file]]
[-o file] [-onetrip]
[-O[1][3][5]] [-p] [-q]
[-Q{f|as|crt|cc|ld}path]
[-Qinstall prefix]
[-Qoption {as|cc|cpp|ld}
option] [-Qpath dir]
[-r8] [-S] [-temp=dir]
[-time] [-u] [-Uname]
[-v] [-Vaxlib]
[-w] [-w90] [-WB] [-y] [files]
{..} braces enclose alternatives separated
by `|'. [..] brackets indi-
cate an optional item.
The effect of the options is described below.
If no options are
included the basic compilation sequence outlined
below is followed.
files is a list of the Fortran source files
to be compiled, and any
previously compiled object files or C or assembler
source files which
are to be included with them.
DESCRIPTION
epcf90 is the EPC Fortran 90 compiler, which
translates programs writ-
ten in the Fortran 90 programming language
into executable load
modules or relocatable binary programs for
subsequent linking by
ld(1). In addition to implementing the ANSI
Standard Fortran 90
language, epcf90 supports commonly used Fortran
77 VAX extensions, Sun
extensions, and many others.
In addition to the many options (detailed
below), epcf90 accepts
several types of file. In detail, epcf90 recognizes
the following suf-
fixes attached to files:
.a
Archive library
.c
C source file
.F
Fortran source file with C preprocessor directives
.f
Fortran source file
.for Fortran
source file
.fv
Fortran source file
.ftn Fortran
source file
.f90 Fortran
90 source file
.i
C source file output by the C preprocessor
.o
Object file
.S
Assembler source file with C preprocessor directives
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.s
Assembler source file
By default, Fortran source files ending with
.F, .f, .for, .fv or .ftn
are assumed to be in fixed format, and source
files ending with suffix
.f90 are assumed to be in free format. These
defaults may be overrid-
den by the compiler options -FR and -FI.
In the basic compilation sequence, which will
be followed if no com-
piler options are specified, the compiler
checks for errors in the
source file in three passes. In the first
pass, any syntax errors in
the source are identified and semantic analysis
of most non-executable
statements is performed. In the second pass,
semantic analysis of exe-
cutable and residual non-executable statements
is performed. In the
third pass (storage allocation), equivalence
errors are detected.
An error detected in any pass does not stop
that pass from being com-
pleted, but will inhibit execution of the
succeeding passes. The com-
piler outputs any error, warning or comment
messages to standard
error, stderr.
If C source files are to be compiled or if
any of the options -D, -E,
-F, -I or -U are to be used, a C compiler
must be available on your
system. By default this is assumed to
be the EPC ANSI C compiler with
pathname
/opt/epc/ecc/bin/ecc
If this is not the pathname of the C compiler
present on your system
then the option -Qccpath must be used to specify
the pathname. For
example:
-Qcc/usr/users/mydir/cc
Files with a suffix of .F are first processed
by the C preprocessor
into a file in the current directory.
The output file from the C
preprocessor has the same name as the source
file but with the .F suf-
fix substituted by .f. This file is then normally
passed to the com-
piler for compilation, and if the compilation
is successful the inter-
mediate output file is deleted.
If no errors are found, the compiler generates
an object file for each
Fortran 90 source file specified to the compiler.
For each C source
file epcf90 invokes the C compiler, and for
each assembler file it
invokes the assembler.
The compiled object files are then passed
to the linker ld(1), which
links them, together with any existing object
files on the command
line and any object files required to satisfy
references to previously
compiled modules, to produce the executable
program. In addition,
unless the option -ic was specified, the compilation
system generates
files related to the EPC Fortran Compilation
Environment. This enables
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any modules in the program to be made available
for use by subsequent
programs. The executable program is loaded
into the file called a.out.
The completed executable program is now ready
to be run.
COMPILER OPTIONS
There are many compiler options available,
some of which are used if
you do not want the usual compilation sequence,
while others add extra
facilities. The compiler passes to the linker
any options which it
does not recognize.
Note that combining compiler options is not
permitted: they must be
given separately; e.g. -w -S cannot be specified
as -wS.
-1 or -onetrip
Compiles
DO loops to be performed at least once if reached (by
default
Fortran 90 DO loops are not performed at all if the
upper
limit is smaller than the lower limit).
-132 or -e
Allows
fixed form source lines to contain up to 132 characters.
-72 Issues a warning message if
a non-comment statement in a fixed
form source
file extends into column 73 or beyond. By default,
text in
this region will be ignored unless option -132 or -e is
selected.
-arch={generic|native|mips1|mips2|R3000|R4000}
Instructs
the compiler to generate code for the nominated archi-
tecture
variant. By default the compiler will generate instruc-
tions
that are available on all MIPS architectures; this is the
effect
of -arch=generic. The options -arch=mips1 and
-arch=R3000
are synonyms for -arch=generic.
If -arch=mips2
is specified the compiler will generate code
using
the extended R4000 instruction set; such code will not run
on R2000
or R3000 processors. The option -arch=R4000 is a
synonym
for -arch=mips2.
The option
-arch=native directs the compiler to generate code
using
the instruction set available on the compile-time
hardware.
It is equivalent to -arch=mips2 if the compiler is
invoked
on hardware that supports the extended R4000 instruction
set; on
all other platforms it is equivalent to -arch=generic.
-auto Specifies that the run-time stack rather
than static storage is
to be
used to hold locally declared variables. (Variables
defined
in a procedure are otherwise allocated to the stack only
if they
appear in an AUTOMATIC statement, or if the procedure is
recursive
and the variables do not have the SAVE or ALLOCATABLE
attributes.)
-bd,progname
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Invokes
the EPC binder to generate the list of objects required
to construct
a complete program, given the name of the main pro-
gram unit
(note, not the name of the file containing it). The
list generated
is then passed to the linker, ld(1).
-c Compiles but does not
create an executable program. The compiled
object
file is put in a file with the suffix .o and is not
passed
to the linker. This option is useful for building up pro-
grams
from several separately compiled units, perhaps in dif-
ferent
languages.
-cerrs
Causes
error and warning messages to be generated in a terse
format,
similar to that produced by the standard USL ANSI C com-
piler
cc:
"file", line no : error message
-cl,file
Specifies
a program unit catalog list, which is a text file giv-
ing the
names of the program unit catalogs to be searched for
modules
referenced in the program in USE statements.
-cm Suppresses all comment messages.
-C Equivalent to: -CA -CB
-CP -CS -CU -CV.
-C90 Links in an alternative I/O library
which supports mixed input
and output
with C on the standard streams.
-CA (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) Causes a check that,
at run-time,
references to pointers and to allocatable arrays
are not
NIL. See Section 1.3.1 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's
Guide
for further details.
-CB (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) Causes a check that,
at run-time,
subscript values are within array bounds. It also
checks
that character substring references are within bounds.
See Section
1.3.2 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's Guide for further
details.
-CP (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) Causes a run-time
error
to be generated if a reference is made to an optional
dummy
argument that is not present. See Section 1.3.5 of the
EPC Fortran
90 User's Guide for further details.
-CS (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) Causes a check that,
at run-time,
the shapes of array arguments to intrinsic pro-
cedures
are consistent. See Section 6.4 of the EPC Fortran 90
User's
Guide for details.
-CU (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) Causes an error at
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run-time
if variables are used before they are assigned a value.
See Section
1.3.3 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's Guide for further
details.
-CV (Should be used in conjunction
with -dn.) On entry to a subpro-
gram,
tests the correspondence between the actual arguments
passed
and the dummy arguments expected. Both calling and
called
code must be compiled with -CV for the checks to be
effective.
See Section 1.3.4 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's Guide
for further
details.
-d[n] Generates extra information needed to
produce a list of current
variables
in a diagnostic report. See Chapter 7 of the EPC For-
tran 90
User's Guide (on run-time diagnostics) for further
details.
Diagnostic reports are generated by the following:
-
input/output errors
-
invalid reference to a pointer or allocatable array (if -CA
option selected)
-
subscript out of bounds (if -CB option selected)
-
invalid reference to an optional dummy argument that is not
present (if -CP option selected)
-
invalid array argument to an intrinsic procedure (if -CS
option selected)
-
use of unassigned variables (if -CU option selected)
-
argument mismatch (if -CV option selected)
-
invalid assigned labels
-
call to the abort routine (see Chapter 9 of the EPC Fortran
90 User's Guide)
-
certain mathematical errors (see Section 6.5 of the EPC For-
tran 90 User's Guide)
-
errors reported by intrinsic procedures
-
hardware detected errors
n=0
(or n omitted) displays only the procedure name and the
number of the line at which the failure occurred.
n=1
reports scalar variables local to program units currently
active.
n=2
reports local and COMMON scalars
n>2
reports the first n elements of local and COMMON arrays
and all scalars.
-dalign
It is
possible, by the effects of COMMON or EQUIVALENCE state-
ments,
for a variable of type double precision to be aligned on
a single
word boundary rather than a double word boundary. The
compiler
will report this situation by issuing the warning:
"Alignment of [variable and location] may cause performance
degradation"
By default
the compiler will assume that any double precision
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variable
that is either a dummy argument or a pointer target
will be
aligned on a single word boundary. The -dalign option
instructs
the compiler to assume that such double precision
variables
will be aligned on double word boundaries.
-dryrun
Displays,
but does not execute, the verbose form of compiler and
linker
command lines.
-Dname=def or -Dname
Defines
name to the C preprocessor as if by a #define directive.
If no
definition is specified then name will be defined with the
value
`1'.
-DD Compiles fixed form lines
with a D or a d in column 1; if this
option
is not set these lines are treated as comments.
-DX Compiles fixed form lines
with an X (not an x) in column 1; if
this option
is not set these lines are treated as comments.
-DY Compiles fixed form lines
with a Y (not a y) in column 1; if
this option
is not set these lines are treated as comments.
-e or -132
Allows
fixed form source lines to contain up to 132 characters.
-E Passes .c, .F, and .S
files through the C preprocessor only. In
the absence
of a -o option, the output is written to standard
output.
The source is not compiled or loaded.
-fast This option is provided for convenience.
It is a synonym for
-O135 -dalign -arch=native
These
options may be overridden by also specifying any of the
following,
as appropriate, with -fast:
-nodalign
-O[1][3][5]
-arch={generic|mips2}
The meanings
of -O[1][3][5] and -nodalign are explained below.
-F Passes .c, .F, and .S
files through the C preprocessor and the
output
is saved in a corresponding .i, .f, or .s file. This file
is not
compiled. The effect of
epcf90 -F source.F source.f
is to
compile and save a copy of the preprocessed file in
source.f.
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-F77 Links in the SGI Fortran 77 library.
-F77 automatically invokes
-C90 (see
above).
-FI Specifies that all the source
code is in fixed format; this is
the default
except for files ending with the suffix .f90.
-FR Specifies that all the source
code is in Fortran 90 free format;
this is
the default for files ending with the suffix .f90.
-g Generates the additional
symbol table information required when
using
the interactive debugger edb. See Chapter 8 of the EPC
Fortran
90 User's Guide for further details.
-G Writes a listing of the
source file to standard output, includ-
ing any
error or warning messages. The errors and warnings are
also output
to standard error, stderr.
-G1 Prints a listing of the source
file with INCLUDE files expanded.
-G2 Prints a listing of the source
file showing code movement by the
optimizer.
This is only valid if the optimization option -O (any
level)
is also selected.
-help Displays the options recognized and
their usage.
-i2 Specifies that all quantities
of integer type and unspecified
kind will
occupy two bytes. All quantities of logical type and
unspecified
kind will also occupy two bytes.
All logical
constants and all small integer constants occupy two
bytes.
-I2 Same as -i2.
-i4 All integer and logical types
of unspecified kind will occupy
four bytes;
this is the default.
-I4 Same as -i4.
-ic Specifies an independent compilation,
i.e. the EPC Fortran Com-
pilation
Environment is not accessed or updated. A MODULE or USE
statement
in the source will cause the compiler to generate an
error.
-Idir The C preprocessor searches for #include
files whose names do
not begin
with `/' first in the directory of the source file,
then in
the directories identified via the -I option, then in
the current
working directory and finally in /usr/include. This
option
may be used more than once to specify additional direc-
tories
to search.
In addition
to use with the C preprocessor, -Idir can be used
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with the
EPC Fortran 90 compiler. Files included by the Fortran
INCLUDE
statement are normally referenced in the same directory
as the
file being compiled. -Idir may be used to extend the
search
for an INCLUDE file into other directories.
-K pic
Generates
code suitable to call position-independent code
(default).
See also -K PIC.
-K PIC
Generates
position-independent code. This is normally used to
create
shared libraries.
-mips2
This option
is a synonym for -arch=mips2. Code is generated
using
the extended R4000 instruction set. Such code will not run
on R2000
or R3000 processors.
-native
This option
is a synonym for -arch=native. It instructs the
compiler
to generate code using the instruction set of the
compile-time
hardware.
By default
the compiler will generate instructions that are
available
on all MIPS architectures, but if the compile-time
platform
supports the extended R4000 instruction set, the effect
of -native
will be the same as -mips2 (see above).
-nbs Treats backslash (\) as a normal
graphic character.
For compatibility
with C usage, the backslash (\) is normally
allowed
in EPC Fortran 90 as an escape character. It denotes
that the
following character in the string has a significance
which
is not normally associated with the character. The effect
is to
ignore the backslash character, and either substitute an
alternative
value for the following character or to interpret
the character
as a quoted value. The escape characters recog-
nized,
and their effect, are described in the table below.
Escape
Char Effect
\n newline
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\b backspace
\f form feed
\0 null
\' apostrophe (does not terminate
a string)
\" double quote (does not terminate
a string)
\\ \
\x x, where x is any other character
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Thus:
'ISN\'T'
is a valid
string. The \ is not counted in the length of the
string.
The -nbs
option specifies that backslash is to be regarded sim-
ply as
a graphic character, not an escape character. This may
be necessary
when transferring programs from non-UNIX environ-
ments,
for example VAX/VMS.
-nodalign
This option
is the inverse of -dalign and reaffirms the
compiler's
default which is to assume that a double precision
variable
which is either a dummy argument or a target of a
pointer
is not necessarily aligned on a double word boundary.
See -dalign
for further details.
-nus or -nus,file
Instructs
the compiler not to append an underscore character (_)
to each
subprogram name which it records in the object file. If
this option
is not selected, the compiler follows the normal
practice
of UNIX Fortran compilers, which is to append under-
score
characters. This option may be required when interfacing
Fortran
routines to existing C code.
If file
is supplied, it should contain a list of subprogram
names.
In this case, only these subprogram names are recorded in
the object
file without an underscore appended; all other names
are recorded
with an underscore.
Beware:
use of this option will effectively render inaccessible
the VAX/VMS
utility and 3F library procedures unless an under-
score
is explicitly appended to each library procedure name in
the Fortran
source. The VAX/VMS utility and 3F library pro-
cedures
are described in Chapter 9 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's
Guide.
-o file
Nominates
an alternative name for the output file. Normally the
output
file will be the executable produced by the linker; this
option
would be used to override the default name of a.out.
The option
may also be used to specify the output file when
using
the -E option, but file must have the appropriate suffix
for the
file produced.
-onetrip or -1
Compiles
DO loops to be performed at least once if reached (by
default
Fortran 90 DO loops are not performed at all if the
upper
limit is smaller than the lower limit).
-O[1][3][5]
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Optimizes
the generated code so that it executes faster but at
the cost
of some increase in compile time. The -O option is
incompatible
with the diagnostic options (-C, -CA, -CB, -CP, -
CS, -CU,
-CV, -g and -d), which provide run-time development
facilities
such as array-bound and unassigned variable checking.
The optimizations
fall into four groups, corresponding to the
options
-O, -O1, -O3 and -O5.
The -O
option includes a number of `primary' optimizations such
as
-
constant folding, where expressions are computed at compile
time when possible.
-
constant propagation, where such computed expressions are
propagated to subsequent expressions and allow them in turn
to be folded.
-
common subexpression elimination, where a subexpression com-
mon to several statements is computed at run-time only once.
-
code hoisting, where invariant code in a loop is `hoisted'
out of the loop.
-
dead code elimination, where code that can never be executed
is deleted, thus reducing the size of the executable file.
-
strength reduction, where an expensive operation such as a
multiply in a loop is replaced by an equivalent but cheaper
operation such as an add.
-
register allocation, where variables are selected to be
retained in a register, depending on where and how often they
are referenced in the current region of code.
When -O1
is specified, optimizations are performed on the
assumption
that there is non-interference between actual argu-
ments
and common block variables. This level of optimization is
inappropriate
where, for example, a variable passed as an argu-
ment is
also in a common block declared in the subprogram, so
that the
subprogram could access the variable in two ways under
different
names.
When -O3
is specified, division by a real constant may be
transformed
into a multiply operation using its reciprocal, and
references
to certain transformational intrinsic procedures may
be in-lined,
to give faster execution. These optimizations can
give different
results in numerically sensitive cases.
When -O5
is specified, global instruction scheduling of the gen-
erated
code is to be carried out. This involves the rearrange-
ment of
the code order and register allocation, to improve usage
of the
processor instruction pipeline. Instructions may be
moved
between basic blocks or be executed speculatively during
pipeline
stall periods.
Selecting
any optimization automatically includes the -O
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optimizations.
Combinations of the above optimizations can be
specified
by combining the corresponding digits, e.g. -O15. See
also -fast.
-p Compiles code for profiling
the performance of the executable
program
with prof(1). If the object files are being linked, a
profiled
version of the Fortran library is searched. When the
executable
program is run, the file mon.out is created in the
current
directory. An execution profile can then be generated
using
prof.
-q Suppresses compiler output
to standard error, stderr. When -q is
specified
in conjunction with -bd (see above) then only messages
associated
with fatal errors will be output to stderr by the EPC
binder.
-Qxpath
Uses an
alternative version of utility x found in path. path
must be
the absolute pathname of the utility x. x must be one
of:
f
for the EPC Fortran 90 compiler
as
for the assembler
crt
for the crt startup routine
cc
for the C driver
ld
for the linker
For example:
epcf90 -c -Qf$home/bin/mycompiler t.f
would
compile t.f using the EPC Fortran 90 compiler in the file
$home/bin/mycompiler.
-Qinstall prefix
The EPC
Fortran 90 compiler release is installed in the direc-
tory opt/epc,
normally under the root directory, /. If the
release
was not installed under / then the name of the host
directory,
prefix, must be specified by the -Qinstall option.
For example,
by specifying the prefix as $HOME, the complete
installation
can be held within the user's home directory.
-Qoption utility option
Passes
the option option to the utility utility. utility may be
one of
as cpp
cc ld
-Qpath dir
Inserts
the directory dir at the front of the driver's search
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path;
this directory will be searched first for all the compila-
tion tools.
-r8 Treats all floating point
variables, constants, functions and
intrinsics
as double precision, and all complex variables, con-
stants,
functions and intrinsics as double complex.
-S Prints a pseudo assembly
listing on standard output, stdout.
-temp=dir
Nominates
an alternative directory for temporary files created
by the
driver.
-time Reports execution times for the various
compilation stages.
-u Makes the default type
of a variable undefined rather than using
the default
Fortran rules.
-Uname
Removes
any initial definition of name, where name is a reserved
symbol
predefined by the C preprocessor.
-v Outputs verbose form
of compiler and linker command lines.
-Vaxlib
Links
in EPC's VAX utility library in place of the 3F library.
See Chapter
9 of the EPC Fortran 90 User's Guide for further
details.
-w Suppresses all warning
messages.
-w90 Suppresses warning messages about
non-standard Fortran 90
features
used.
-WB On a compile-time bound check
violation, issues a warning
instead
of an error. (This is to accommodate old Fortran code,
in which
array bounds of dummy arguments were frequently
declared
as 1.)
-y This option can be used
to check the syntax of a source file
without
compiling it. Any errors found are output in the normal
way, but
an object file is not produced.
ENVIRONMENT
The compiler makes use of temporary files
during the compilation of a
source file; these temporary files are usually
created in the direc-
tory /var/tmp. Direct control over the location
of the temporary files
can be exercised by setting the environment
variable TMPDIR to the
appropriate directory path. See man
tempnam for further details.
FILES
a.out
executable output file
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file.a
library of object files
file.c
C source file
file.f
EPC Fortran-90 fixed format source file
file.F
EPC Fortran-90 fixed format source file for C
preprocessor
file.for
EPC Fortran-90 fixed format source file
file.fv
EPC Fortran-90 fixed format source file
file.ftn
EPC Fortran-90 fixed format source file
file.f90
EPC Fortran-90 free format source file
file.o
object file
file.s
assembler source file
file.S
assembler source for C preprocessor
file.d
EPC Fortran-90 module dictionary file
file.pc
EPC Fortran-90 program unit catalog file
file.pcl
EPC Fortran-90 program unit catalog list file
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/as
assembler
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/libm.a
archive maths library
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/crt1.o
start-up routine
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/crti.o
start-up routine
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/crtn.o
start-up routine
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/mcrt1.o
profiling start-up routine
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/values-Xt.o
ANSI conformance module
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/values-Xc.o
ANSI conformance module
/opt/epc/epcf90/epctools/values-Xa.o
ANSI conformance module
/usr/include
directory searched by the EPC Fortran-90 INCLUDE
statement
/usr/include/epcf90 3f include file and f90_kinds
source file
mon.out
file produced for analysis by prof(1)
epcf90
the EPC Fortran-90 driver
epcf90compiler
the EPC Fortran-90 compiler
epcfcem
the EPC Fortran-90 compilation environment manager
libIEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 I/O run-time library
libKEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 array maths run-time library
libMEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 maths run-time library
libUEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 utility run-time library
libVEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 Vax utility run-time library
libCEPCF90.a
the EPC Fortran-90 -C90 I/O run-time library
libp/libIEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled I/O run-time library
libp/libKEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled array maths run-time
library
libp/libMEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled maths run-time library
libp/libUEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled utility run-time
library
Page 13
Reliant UNIX 5.43 Printed October 31, 1998
EPCF90(1)
EPC (6 November 1996)
EPCF90(1)
libp/libVEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled VAX utility run-time
library
libp/libCEPCF90.a the EPC Fortran-90
profiled -C90 I/O run-time
library
SEE ALSO
EPC Fortran 90 User's Guide, (EPC, 1996);
Fortran 90 Handbook (Inter-
text, 1992)
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics generated by the EPC Fortran
90 compiler are intended
to be self-explanatory.